Wednesday, 10 July 2013

What is software theft !!


 

Software piracy – perhaps simply described as software theft – is the unauthorised copying or distribution of copyright protected software.
In Britain it is estimated that approximately 27% of software in use is illegal. Reducing software piracy could create hundreds of thousands of new jobs, billions in information technology (IT) spending and economic growth, and new tax revenues to support local services.* It is not just the IT industry that loses out to software thieves, the end–user is often left in a vulnerable position with no access to technical support, no information regarding upgrades and often incomplete or virus contaminated products on their computers. The illegal software trade is worth hundreds of millions of pounds in the domestic market alone. Unscrupulous dealers and individuals misuse their computer skills, bypassing the software security, then selling on the illegal product to others, or simply giving valuable software away on the internet.
Most do this for money and with no development or manufacturing costs, profits can be substantial. The few that don't do this for money distribute infringing software for malicious reasons, to damage a publisher's reputation and profitability.
Activities are justified with claims that publishers make too much money by over–pricing their products, justifying their own actions by claiming they are providing a public service.
A relatively small number of publishers make large profits. Those that do have spent many years developing products that are outstanding in their field. The profits that are made are then invested in further development.
Many software companies are small with limited customer bases. The release of a new product is an important event on which many jobs may depend. It is not only the publishers that suffer from piracy, but the distributors, retailers and finally the consumer or business that does not have the genuine product. Theft only benefits the thief, nobody else.
There are many forms of software theft including the following:
  • Professional counterfeits – look the same as genuine boxed products
  • Quasi counterfeits – try to look like the genuine product but usually fail in the presentation
  • CD Compilation disks – several programs copied onto one disk
  • Hard Disk Loaders – dealers who load a copy of software onto hardware but do not supply disks, licences, manuals and Certificates of Authenticity etc
  • Markets/Computer Fairs – individuals selling obvious copies of computer programs
  • Peer to Peer/IRC – individuals sharing software on the internet
  • Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) irregularity – software sold without a licence or the necessary hardware
  • Internet sites – downloading / uploading illegal software and utilities, downloading legitimate freeware and shareware in breach of the licence,
  • Unlicensed Corporate Use – number of installations exceeds number of licences, number of users able to access software on a server exceeds the number of licences, software transferred from one company to another outside terms of the licence, installation of employees’ own software onto company devices, different company name on opening screen etc
How to avoid buying pirate software
If you are aware, or suspect that you know, of any of the above activities, The Federation would be very pleased to hear from you. You can contact us in complete confidence by clicking here
*  BSA survey ‘Benefits from Lowering PC Software Piracy In the United Kingdom’ – January 2008

references
http://www.fastiis.org/our_services/enforcement/software_theft/

3xpension $lot

 Expansion Slot Socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card

Adapter Card and Expansion Card
Circuit board that enhances functions of a component of the system unit and provideos connections to peripherals

Peripheral
 Device that connect to the system unit
Controlled by processor in the computer
 Eg: Modems, disk drivers, printers , scanner, keyboar

 Sound Card
Enhance the sound generating capabilities
 By allowing sound to be input through a microphone and output through external speaker and    headphones

Video card
 Called a graphics card. Converts computer output into a video signal
 Travel through cable to monitor,display the image on the screen

 Removable Flash Memory
Hot plugging and insert and remove the removable flash memory while computer is running
Eg: Memory cards, USB flash drive, PC Cards, ExpressCard module


 Memory Card
Removable flash memory device.Insert and remove from a slot in a personal computer, game console, mobile device, card reader,smart phones, digital cameras ,portable media player

 USB flash drive
 Plug in a USB port on a computer or mobile device


 PC Card Slot/Expansion Card Slot
Hold a PC Card or an ExpressCard module

 PC Card
 Thin, credit card-sized removable flash memory device
Enable traditional notebook computers and Tablet PCs to access the Internet wirelessly

 ExpressCard module
Adds memory, communications, multimedia, and security capabilities to computer


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Flash Memory Definition

What is Flash Memory?

 Normal RAM memory (Random Access Memory) that is often used in computers is volatile. This means that when you turn off the computer, all the information that is stored in the memory chips is lost. In contrast to this, flash memory is non-volatile which means that the information stored on this type of memory technology is retained when the power is cut. Information written to and erased from these special memory chips is done electronically rather than in a mechanical way -- similar to the older and much slower EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) technology. This form of solid state technology differs from mechanical storage like standard hard drives; the information in this case is stored using magnetism. The most common type of flash memory in use today is NAND -- this name is taken from the electronic logical gate NAND operator because flash memory uses floating gate MOSFET transistors that are arranged in a similar way.

How Does it Work?

 As previously explained, flash memory uses floating gate transistors. These are arranged in a grid. Rather than a typical transistor that has one gate, flash NAND memory has two gates. Having two gates makes it possible to 'store' a voltage between the two gates so that it doesn't drain away -- this is very important and makes any information stored non-volatile. In fact, this 'trapped' voltage (which represents information) on the chip can stay in a locked state for many years -- or until you erase the memory. Information stored is erased by draining the voltage away from between the two gates by using the special floating gate feature that is unique to flash memory technology.

Common Flash-based electronic devices

There are many consumer electronic devices that use NAND flash memory as storage. Some external storage solutions also utilize NAND flash memory. The types of hardware that you are likely to come across that uses this type of technology include:


Advantages and Disadvantages

Like all technology, there are pros and cons of using it. One of the clearest advantages of using flash-based memory (and devices that utilize it) is that there are no mechanical parts that can wear out or easily suffer damage. For MP3 players and other devices that can play digital music, this is the perfect storage medium which is immune from vibrational shock, accidental magnetic erasure, etc. Flash memory is also relatively cheap and can be a good choice for storage -- for both manufacturers of hardware devices and consumers who wish to purchase extra storage in the form of memory cards too.

However, flash memory does have its faults. For starters, it has a finite life span in the number of times that data can be written to the same area of memory. This is known as P/E cycles (program-ease cycles) and typically has a maximum of about 100,000 read/writes. After this, the flash storage will decrease in reliability as the NAND memory deteriorates. This memory wear can be evened out on MP3 players and other portable devices using firmware that spreads these read/write cycles out more evenly making the device last many years under normal usage. Another downside to flash memory is it still doesn't measure up to the TB (Terabyte) capacities that we see in mechanical hard drives and so this technology can't be used (yet) for mass storage on a large scale.

References
http://mp3.about.com/od/glossary/g/Flash-Memory-Definition-What-Is-Flash-Storage.htm

Buses in a computer

  • 1.  A computer processes and stores data as a series of electronic bits. These bits transfer internally within the circuitry of the computer along the electrical channels. Each channel, called a bus, allows the both inside and attached system unit to communicate with each other.
  • 2.  Buses are used to transfer bits of input devices to memory, from memory to processor, from processor to memory and from memory to output. Buses consist of two parts – Data bus and address bus. Data bus- to transfer actual data Address bus- to transfer information about where the data should reside in the memory.
  • 3.  The size of the bus, known as bus width determines the number of width the computer can transmit at one time. The larger the number of bits handled by the bus, the faster the computers transfers data. The wider the bus, the fewer the number of transfer steps required and the faster the transfer of data.
  • 4.  In conjunction with the bus width, many computer professionals refer to the computers word size. Word size is the number of bits a compueter can interprate and execute at a given time. Computers with larger word size ca process more data in the same amount of time than computers with a smaller word size.
  • 5.  Every bus also have got clock speed. Just like the processor, manufacturers state the clock speed for each busses is in hertz. Todays processors have got 1600MHz. The higher the bus clock speed, the faster the transmission of data, which results in programme running faster
  • 6.  A computer has got 3 main types of busses : A system bus, a back side bus and an expansion bus. A system bus, also known as the Front side bus (FSB) is part of the motherboard and connects the processor to the cache. An expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with pheripherals A backside bus (BSB) connects the processor to the cache.

  • For  more information http://www.slideshare.net/chrispaul8676/buses-in-a-computer
     

    Monday, 8 July 2013

    My Very Favourite Song!





    Menunggu sesuatu yang sangat menyebalkan bagiku
    saat ku harus bersabar dan trus bersabar
    menantikan kehadiran dirimu
    entah sampai kapan aku harus menunggu
    sesuatu yang sangat sulit tuk kujalani
    hidup dalam kesendirian sepi tanpamu
    kadang kuberpikir cari penggantimu
    saat kau jauh disana
    ooo…
    *)
    Gelisah sesaat saja tiada kabarmu kucuriga
    entah penantianku takkan sia-sia
    dan berikan satu jawaban pasti
    entah sampai kapan aku harus bertahan
    saat kau jauh disana rasa cemburu
    merasuk kedalam pikiranku melayang
    tak tentu arah tentang dirimu
    apakah sama yang kau rasakan
    reff:
    walau raga kita terpisah jauh
    namun hati kita selalu dekat
    bila kau rindu pejamkan matamu
    dan rasakan a a a aku
    kekuatan cinta kita takkan pernah rapuh
    terhapus ruang dan waktu
    percayakan kesetiaan ini
    akan tulus a a ai aishiteru
    Bridge:
    hapus sendiri pikiran melayang terbang
    perasaan resah gelisah
    jalani kenyataan hidup tanpa gairah
    o…uo..
    banyak segala misi dan ambisimu
    akhiri semuanya cukup sampai disini
    dan buktikan pengorbanan cintamu untukku
    kumohon kau kembali
    kembali ke *)

    im maisarah,zulkleple daugther :)

    my atek

    actually i dont know what to buy for my brother present.huh..soo after did a deep thingking,,i want to buy a perfume for him and a slice of cake.i miss him so much!cant wait to see him!wait for me k.love u atek!he was born in 9 of July 1996.and now he is 17 years olds.